tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24143057262083466112024-03-25T06:32:41.846+07:00Our LinguistikMenjajaki Kesuksesan !!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-62729889434935677272013-02-22T19:56:00.000+07:002013-02-22T19:56:41.976+07:00PROSES SOSIALISASI MENURUT GEORGE HERBERT MEAD & CHARLES H COOLEY<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PROSES
SOSIALISASI MENURUT GEORGE HERBERT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MEAD</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Tahap persiapan (Preparatory Stage)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 57.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
persiapan merupakan tahap awal dalam sosialisasi yang dilakukan oleh manusia.
Tahap ini dialami sejak manusia dilahirkan. Sejak saat itulah seseorang sudah
memiliki persiapan untuk melakukan tindakan sesuai dengan lingkungan untuk
mengenal dunia sosialnya, termasuk untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang diri.
Pada tahap ini juga anak-anak mulai melakukan kegiatan meniru meski tidak
sempurna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 57.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:
Kata “makan” yang diajarkan ibu kepada anaknya yang masih balita diucapkan
“mam”. Makna kata tersebut juga belum dipahami tepat oleh anak. Lama-kelamaan
anak memahami secara tepat makna kata makan tersebut dengan kenyataan yang
dialaminya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Tahap meniru (Play Stage)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap meniru
disebut tahap bermain yang ditandai dengan semakin sempurnanya seorang anak
menirukan peran-peran yang dilakukan oleh orang dewasa. Pada tahap ini anak
mengenal “significant other” yaitu orang-orang di sekitarnya yang dianggap
penting bagi pertumbuhan dan pembentukan diri, misal: ayah, ibu, kakak,
pengasuh, kakek, nenek, yang sering berinteraksi dengannya. Contoh: seorang
anak kecil selalu meniru apa yang dikerjakan orang di sekitarnya dan menerima
apa yang sudah dilihatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Tahap siap bertindak (Game Stage)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 57.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahap
ini peniruan yang dilakukan seseorang mulai berkurang digantikan oleh peranan
yang secara langsung dimainkan sendiri dengan penuh kesadaran. Pada tahap ini
kemampuan menempatkan dirinya pada posisi orang lain mulai meningkat sehingga
memungkinkan adanya kemampuan bermain secara beregu. Pada tahap ini partner
interaksinya makin banyak, hubungan pun makin kompleks. Kemantapan diri pada
tahap ini jauh lebih tinggi dari tahap-tahap sebelumnya. Peraturan-peraturan
yang berlaku di luar keluarganya secara bertahap mulai dipahami. Pada tahap ini
mulai siap menjadi partisipan aktif dalam masyarakat. Teman sebaya sangat
berpengaruh pada game stage, karena dengan teman sebaya seseorang mulai
mengenal dan berinteraksi dengan dunia di luar keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Tahap penerimaan norma kolektif (Generalized Stage/Generalized other)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 57.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahap
ini manusia/seseorang disebut sebagai manusia dewasa. Dia bukan hanya dapat
menempatkan dirinya pada posisi orang lain, tetapi juga dapat bertenggang rasa
dengan masyarakat secara luas. Seseorang telah menyadari pentingnya
peraturan-peraturan sehingga kemampuan bekerja sama menjadi mantap. Dalam tahap
ini, manusia telah menjadi warga masyarakat dalam arti sepenuhnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PROSES
SOSIALISASI MENURUT CHARLES H COOLEY</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cooley lebih menekankan peranan
interaksi dalam teorinya. Menurut Cooley, Konsep Diri (self concept) seseorang
berkembang melalui interaksinya dengan orang lain. Sesuatu yang kemudian disebut
looking-glass self terbentuk melalui tiga tahapan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Kita membayangkan bagaimana kita di mata orang
lain.'</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang anak merasa dirinya sebagai
anak yang paling hebat dan yang paling pintar karena sang anak memiliki
prestasi di kelas dan selalu menang di berbagai lomba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Kita membayangkan bagaimana orang lain menilai
kita.'</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan pandangan bahwa si anak
adalah anak yang hebat, sang anak membayangkan pandangan orang lain
terhadapnya. Ia merasa orang lain selalu memuji dia, selalu percaya pada
tindakannya. Perasaan ini bisa muncul dari perlakuan orang terhadap dirinya.
MIsalnya, gurunya selalu mengikutsertakan dirinya dalam berbagai lomba atau
orang tuanya selalu memamerkannya kepada orang lain. Ingatlah bahwa pandangan
ini belum tentu benar. Sang anak mungkin merasa dirinya hebat padahal bila
dibandingkan dengan orang lain, ia tidak ada apa-apanya. Perasaan hebat ini
bisa jadi menurun kalau sang anak memperoleh informasi dari orang lain bahwa
ada anak yang lebih hebat dari dia.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Bagaimana perasaan kita sebagai akibat dari
penilaian tersebut.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan adanya penilaian bahwa sang
anak adalah anak yang hebat, timbul perasaan bangga dan penuh percaya diri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketiga tahapan di atas berkaitan
erat dengan teori <i>labeling</i>, dimana seseorang akan berusaha memainkan
peran sosial sesuai dengan apa penilaian orang terhadapnya. Jika seorang anak
dicap "nakal", maka ada kemungkinan ia akan memainkan peran sebagai
"anak nakal" sesuai dengan penilaian orang terhadapnya, walaupun penilaian
itu belum tentu kebenarannya.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-10968820751924142082013-02-22T19:27:00.000+07:002013-02-22T19:27:44.720+07:008 KETERAMPILAN DASAR MENGAJAR<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4CpgqFFifJ_4S3sR1CRxjmNUqImeX6z9vhShNRDvYkR68AnIvZhgVtHkeCOkmk4WcmdkWeT2I2JpzIy6rwsv1lEIyB80gqxjwZp274huGcOxxx3SLhx3cVvp9aXWLfCtue2-0Ps9A8hkQ/s1600/PuTuZi%C3%AA278.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4CpgqFFifJ_4S3sR1CRxjmNUqImeX6z9vhShNRDvYkR68AnIvZhgVtHkeCOkmk4WcmdkWeT2I2JpzIy6rwsv1lEIyB80gqxjwZp274huGcOxxx3SLhx3cVvp9aXWLfCtue2-0Ps9A8hkQ/s400/PuTuZi%C3%AA278.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KETERAMPILAN MENJELASKAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah suatu
keterampilan menyajikan bahan belajar yang diorganisasikan secara sistematis
sebagai suatu kesatuan yang berarti, sehingga mudah dipahami para peserta
didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-prinsip
menjelaskan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penjelasan harus disesuaikan dengan kemampuan dan
karakteristik peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penjelasan harus diselingi tanya jawab</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Materi penjelasan harus dikuasai secara baik oleh guru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penjelasan harus sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Materi penjelasan harus bermanfaat dan bermakna bagi
peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat menjelaskan harus disertai dengan contoh-contoh
yang kongkrit dan dihubungkan dengan kehidupan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek-aspek
yang harus diperhatikan dalam menjelaskan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahasa yang digunakan dalam menjelaskan harus sederhana,
terang dan jelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan yang akan diterangkan dipersiapkan dan dikuasai
terlebih dahulu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pokok-pokok yang diterangkan harus disimpulkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam menjelaskan serta dengan contoh dan ilustrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adakan pengecekan terhadap tingkat pemahaman peserta
didik melalui pertanyaan-pertanyaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Keterampilan Menjelaskan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membimbing memahami konsep, hukum,
prinsip atau prosedur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membimbing menjawab pertanyaan secara
nalar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melibatkan peserta belajar dalam
menghayati proses penalaran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendapatkan balikan mengenai pemahaman
peserta belajar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menolong peserta belajar menghayati
berbagai proses penalaran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. KETERAMPILAN BERTANYA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan
bertanya merupakan ucapan atau pertanyaan yang dilontarkan guru yang menuntun
respon atau jawaban dari peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan
Keterampilan Bertanya </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memotivasi peserta didik agar terlibat dalam interaksi
belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melatih kemampuan mengutarakan pendapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merangsang dan meningkatkan kemampuan berfikir peserta
didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melatih peserta didik berfikir divergen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mencapai tujuan belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangkitkan minat dan rasa ingin tahu</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menuntun proses belajar</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memusatkan perhatian terhadap masalah
yang sedang dibahas</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis
pertanyaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan langsung, yaitu pertanyaan yang ditujukan
kepada salah satu peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan umum dan terbuka, yaitu pertanyaan yang
ditujukan kepada seluruh kelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan retorik, yaitu pertanyaan yang tidak
menghendaki jawaban</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan faktual, yaitu pertanyaan untuk menggali
fakta dan informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaaan yang diarahkan kembali, yaitu pertanyaan
yang dikembalikan kepada peserta didik atas pertanyaan peserta didik lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan memimpin (Leading Question) yaitu
pertanyaan yang jawabannya tersimpul dalam pertanyaan itu sendiri</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menyampaikan pertanyaan</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejelasan dan kaitan pertanyaan</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan dan selang waktu</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembagian dan penunjukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-prinsip
bertanya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan hendaknya mengenai satu masalah saja.
Berikan waktu berfikir kepada peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan hendaknya singkat, jelas dan disusun dengan
kata-kata yang sederhana</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan didistribusikan secara merata kepada para
peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan langsung sebaiknya diberikan secara random</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan hendaknya disesuaikan dengan kemampuan dan
kesiapan peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebaiknya hindari pertanyaan retorika atau leading
question</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan
harus menghindari kebiasaan seperti : menjawab pertanyaan sendiri, mengulang
jawaban siswa, mengulang pertanyaan sendiri, mengajukan pertanyaan dengan
jawaban serentak, menentukan siswa yang harus menjawab sebelum bertanya dan
mengajukan pertanyaan ganda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknik-teknik
dalam bertanya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekhnik menunggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekhnik menguatkan kembali</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekhnik menuntun dan menggali</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekhnik mekacak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. KETERAMPILAN
MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi
stimulus adalah suatu kegiatan guru dalam konteks proses interaksi belajar
mengajar yang di tujukan untuk mengatasi kebosanan siswa sehingga dalam
situasi belajar mengajar, siswa senantiasa menunjukkan ketekunan, serta penuh
partisipasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan
penggunaan variasi dalam proses belajar mengajar </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menghilangkan kejemuan dalam mengikuti proses belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempertahankan kondisi optimal belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meningkatkan perhatian dan motivasi peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memudahkan pencapaian tujuan pengajaran</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.45pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis
variasi</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.45pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Variasi dalam penggunaan media : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi
alat dan bahan yang dapat di lihat, di dengar dan di raba.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.45pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Variasi dalam gaya mengajar : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi
suara,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memusatkan
perhatian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat
kesenyapan sejenak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengadakan kontak pandang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi
gerakan badan dan mimik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengubah posisi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.45pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Variasi dalam penggunaan metode</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.45pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Variasi dalam pola interaksi yaitu gunakan pola
interaksi multi arah (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">klasikal, kelompok dan perorangan), Variasi
kegiatan dapat berupa mendengarkan informasi, menelaah materi, diskusi, latihan
dan demontrasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-prinsip
penggunaan variasi dalam pengajaran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gunakan variasi dengan wajar, jangan dibuat-buat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan satu jenis variasi ke variasi lainnya harus
efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan variasi harus direncakan dan sesuai dengan
bahan, metode, dan karakteristik peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. KETERAMPILAN
MEMBERI PENGUATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penguatan
(reinforcement) adalah segala bentuk respons, apakah bersifat verbal ataupun
non verbal, yang merupakan bagian dari modifikasi tingkah laku guru terhadap
tingkah laku siswa, yang bertujuan memberikan informasi atau umpan balik (feed
back) bagi si penerima atas perbuatannya sebagai suatu dorongan atau koreksi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">munculnya
peningkatan kualitas tingkah laku tersebut di saat yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan menggunakan keterampilan memberi penguatan
dalam pengajaran untuk :<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menimbulkan perhatian peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membangkitkan motivasi belajar peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menumbuhkan kemampuan berinisiatif secara pribadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merangsang peserta didik berfikir yang baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengembalikan dan mengubah sikap negatif peserta dalam
belajar ke arah perilaku yang mendukung belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis penguatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penguatan verbal, diungkapkan dengan
menggunakan kata-kata pujian, penghargaan, persetujuan dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penguatan non-verbal, terdiri dari
penguatan berupa mimik dan gerakan badan, penguatan dengan cara mendekati,
penguatan dengan sentuhan (contact), penguatan dengan kegiatan yang
menyenangkan, penguatan berupa simbol atau benda dan penguatan tak penuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-prinsip
penguatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dilakukan dengan hangat dan semangat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberikan kesan positif kepada peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdampak terhadap perilaku positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat bersifat pribadi atau kelompok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hindari penggunaan respon negative.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. KETERAMPILAN
MEMBUKA DAN MENUTUP PELAJARAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuka
pelajaran (set induction) ialah usaha atau kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh guru
dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar untuk menciptakan prokondusi bagi siswa agar
mental maupun perhatian terpusat pada apa yang akan dipelajarinya sehingga
usaha tersebut akan memberikan efek yang positif terhadap kegiatan belajar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
menutup pelajaran (closure) ialah kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh guru untuk
mengakhiri pelajaran atau kegiatan belajar mengajar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Dalam
menutup pelajaran, guru dapat menyimpulkan materi pelajaran, mengetahui tingkat
pencapaian peserta didik dan tingkat keberhasilan guna dalam proses belajar
mengajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan membuka dan menutup pelajaran adalah :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk menimbulkan minat dan perhatian peserta didik
terhadap pelajaran yang akan dibicarakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyiapkan mental para peserta didik agar siap
memasuki persoalan yang akan dibicarakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memungkinkan peserta didik mengetahui tingkat
keberhasailan dalam pelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agar peserta didik mengetahui batas-batas tugasnya
yang akan dikerjakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-prinsip membuka dan menutup pelajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam membuka pelajaran harus memberi makna kepada
peserta didik, yaitu dengan menggunakan cara-cara yang relevan dengan tujuan
dan bahan yang akan disampaikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hubungan antara pendahuluan dengan inti pengajaran
serta dengan tugas-tugas yang dikerjakan sebagai tindak lanjut nampak jelas dan
logis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan apersepsi yaitu mengenalkan pokok
pelajaran dengan menghubungkannya terhadap pengetahuan yang sudah diketahui
oleh peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
6. KETERAMPILAN MENGAJAR KELOMPOK KECIL DAN PERSEORANGAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan mengajar kelompok kecil
adalah kemampuan guru melayani kegiatan peserta didik dalam belajar secara
kelompok dengan jumlah peserta didik berkisar antara 3 hingga 5 orang atau
paling banyak 8 orang untuk setiap kelompoknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan keterampilan dalam
pengajaran perorangan atau pengajaran individual adalah kemampuan guru dalam
mennetukan tujuan, bahan ajar, prosedur dan waktu yang digunakan dalam
pengajaran dengan memperhatikan tuntutan-tuntutan atau perbedaan-perbedaan individual
peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan guru
mengembangkan keterampilan mengajar kelompok kecil dan perorangan:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan dalam pendekatan pribadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan dalam mengorganisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan dalam membimbing belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan dalam merencakan dan melaksanakan KBM</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7. KETERAMPILAN MENGELOLA KELAS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan mengelola kelas
merupakan kemampuan guru dalam mewujudkan dan mempertahankan suasana belajar mengajar
yang optimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dari
pengelolaan kelas adalah :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mewujudkan situasi dan kondisi kelas yang memungkinkan
peserta didik memgembangkan kemampuannya secara optimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menghilangkan berbagai hambatan dan pelanggaran
disipilin yang dapat merintangi terwujudnya interaksi belajar mengajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempertahankan keadaan yang stabil dalam susana kelas,
sahingga bila terjadi gangguan dalam belajar mengajar dapat dikurangi dan
dihindari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melayani dan membimbing perbedaan individual peserta
didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengatur semua perlengkapan dan peralatan yang
memungkinkan peserta didik belajar sesuai dengan lingkungan sosial, emosional
dan intelektual peserta didik dalam kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-prinsip
Pengelolaan Kelas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keluwesan, digunakan apabila guru mendapatkan hambatan
dalam perilaku peserta didik, sehingga guru dapat merubah strategi mengajarnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kehangatan dan keantusiasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bervariasi, gunakan variasi dalam proses belajar
mengajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tantangan, gunakan kata-kata, tindakan atau bahan sajian
yang menantang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanamkan displin diri, selalu mendorong peserta didik
agar memiliki disipin diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menekankan hal-hal positif, memikirkan hal positif dan
menghindarkan konsentrasi pada hal negatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen
Keterampilan Pengelolaan Kelas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan yang bersifat preventif guru dapat
menggunakan kemampuannya dengan cara : Memusatkan perhatian, Menunjukkan sikap,
tanggap, Menegur, Membagi perhatian, Memberi petunjuk-petunjuk yang jelas,
Memberi penguatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan megelola kelas yang bersifat represif,
guru dapat menggunakan keterampilan dengan cara : Pengelolaan kelompok,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modifikasi tingkah laku<br />
Menemukan dan memecahkan tingkah laku yang menimbulkan masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal-hal yang
harus dihindari dalam mengembangkan keterampilan mengelola kelas :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketidaktepatan memulai dan mengakhiri kegiatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengulangan penjelasan yang tidak perlu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyimpangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesenyapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bertele-tele</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8. KETERAMPILAN MEMBIMBING DISKUSI
KELOMPOK KECIL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diskusi kelompok kecil adalah suatu
proses belajar yang dilakukan dalam kerja sama kelompok bertujuan memecahkan
suatu permasalahan, mengkaji konsep, prinsip atau kelompok tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-prinsip membimbing diskusi kelompok kecil :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Laksanakan diskusi dalam suasana yang menyenangkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan waktu yang cukup untuk merumuskan dan menjawab
permasalahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rencanakan diskusi kelompok dengan sistematis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bimbinglah dan jadikanlah diri guru sebagai teman
dalam diskusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen keterampilan guru dalam megembangkan
pembimbingan kelompok kecil :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperjelas permasalahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyebarkan kesempatan berpartisipasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemusatan perhatian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menganalisa pandangan peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meningkatkan urutan pikiran peserta didik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menutup diskusi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal-hal yang harus dihindari dalam membimbing diskusi
kelompok kecil :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melaksanakan diskusi yang tidak sesuai dengan
karakteristik dan kebutuhan peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak memberikan kesempatan yang cukup kepada peserta
didik untuk memikirkan pemecahan masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membiarkan diskusi dikuasai oleh peserta didik
tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membiarkan peserta didik mengemukakan pendapat yang
tidak ada kaitannya dengan topik pembicaraan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membiarkan peserta didik tidak aktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak merumuskan hasil diskusi dan tiadak membentuk
tindak lanjut</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-64040654192745772392013-01-27T17:28:00.001+07:002013-01-27T17:28:31.966+07:00Resensi Buku<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Resensi berasal dari bahasa latin yaitu dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">revidere</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">recensere</i>, yang artinya kembali, menimbang, atau menilai. Jadi
resensi adalah tulisan yang isinya memberikan penilaian, mengungkapkan kembali
isi buku, membahas atau mengkritik kelebihan dan kekurangan dari sebuah buku
dengan penuh tanggung jawab.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penuh
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Resensi ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi
yang komprehensif terhadap keseluruhan isi buku, agar dapat mendiskusikan lebih
jauh problema yang muncul dari sebuah buku dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memberikan pertimbangan kepada pembaca atas layak tidaknya sebuah buku
untuk dibaca.</div>
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Resensi ditujukkan untuk buku-buku baru yang dapat
meningkatkan wawasan penulisnya. Menggunakan kalimat yang singkat, padat dan
jelas serta komunikatif.</div>
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Beberapa hal yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Organisasi buku</div>
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Dalam hal ini buku tersebut dinilai berdasarkan susunanya
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Isi Buku</div>
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Dinilai berdasarkan kelengkapan, kejelasan dan ketajaman
isinya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bahasa Buku</div>
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Bagaimana bahasa yang digunakannya baik dari segi
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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Bagaimana segi penggunaan ejaan, kejelasan dalam
pencetakan, kesalahan cetak, maupun dari segi kemenarikan buku tersebut.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Struktur resensi
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bagian Pembukaan </div>
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Bagian utama yang harus ada
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tebal buku, harga buku.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bagian
Isi</div>
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Berisi ringkasan isi buku,
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bagian
Penutup</div>
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Berisi sasarn resensi, pertimbangan bagi
pembaca, saran pembuat resensi pada para pembaca.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-45309867700916467732013-01-18T13:12:00.001+07:002013-01-18T13:40:21.758+07:00Karya Tulis Ilmiah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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mso-style-noshow:yes;
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font-size:11.0pt;
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Konsep Dasar Karya Tulis Ilmiah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Karya tulis ilmiah merupakan bagian yang tak
terpisahkan dalam kegiatan akademik. Sering kali kita mendapat tugas untuk
membuat karya ilmiah. Dengan tugas ini dapat diketahui wawasan keilmuan dari
seseorang, keterampilan dan kecakapan penerapan wawasan tersebut serta membuat
aplikasi dari ilmu pengetahuan yang dimiliki.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Karya tulis ilmiah merupakan tulisan yang membahas
ilmu pengetahuan yang disusun secara sistematis dengan menggunakan bahasa yang
benar. Ada empat syarat minimal dalam sebuah karya ilmiah yaitu (1) merupakan
karya yang menggunakan bahasa tulis sebagai medianya, (2) membahas konsep ilmu
pengetahuan, (3) disusun secara sitematis, (4) dituangkan dengan menggunakan
bahasa yang benar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Karya tulis ilmiah juga memiliki ciri pembeda dari
karya nonilmiah. Ciri-ciri tersebut adalah (1) objektif, artinya memiliki objek
dan memberikan penilaian secara objektif, (2) membahas konsep ilmu pengetahuan,
(3) sistematis, artinya memiliki sistematika tertentu yang harus ditaati, (4)
bermetode, artinya disusun berdasarkan metode tertentu, (5) cermat dan jujur
artinya mengangkat hal yang sebenarnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kelima ciri itu harus ditambah dengan ciri aktual membahas masalah
terkini, disinterested tidak memihak,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sungguh-sungguh, not argumentatif tidak bercorak mendebat, dan
unsupported opinion mengesampingkan pendapat yang tidak mempunyai dasar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tujuan dan Fungsi Karya Tulis Ilmiah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Tujuan karya tulis ilmiah, diantaranya :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disusun untuk memecahkan masalah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disusun untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disusun dengan tujuan untuk menambah
pengetahuan, ilmu dan konsep tentang satu pokok masalah tertentu.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disusun untuk membina kemampuan menulis ilmiah
bagi penulisnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disusun dengan tujuan untuk membina kemampuan
berpikir ilmiah bagi penulisnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Fungsi karya tulis ilmiah, diantaranya
:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fungsi pendidikan, untuk memberikan pengalaman yang
berharga sehingga ia mampu menulis, berpikir, dan mempertanggung jawabkan
tulisannya secara ilmiah.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fungsi penelitian, sebagai sarana bagi
penulisnya guna menerapkan prosedur ilmiah dan mempraktikannya dalam usaha
mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fungsi fungsional, sebagai alat pengembangan
ilmu pengetahuan, tambahan bahan pustaka, dan kepentingan praktis di lapangan
dalam satu disiplin ilmu tertentu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jenis Karya Tulis Ilmiah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Makalah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Adalah karya tulis ilmiah yang ditulis dengan tujuan untuk
pemenuhan salah satu tugas tertentu. Dalam dunia kuliah makalah biasanya
ditulis untuk pemenuhan salah satu tugas mata pelajaran. Sedangkan dalam dunia
umum biasanya disusun sebagai salah satu kewajiban pembicara seminar atau
kegiatan sejenisnya sebelum menyampaikan materi di depan peserta seminar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Laporan Penelitian</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Merupakan salah satu jenis karya ilmiah yang biasanya
disusun dengan tujuan untuk menyajikan/melaporkan kegiatan penelitian yang
telah dilaksanakan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kertas Kerja</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Merupakan karya ilmiah yang disusun dengan tujuan untuk
melaporkan satu kegiatan tertentu yang telah dilaksanakan oleh penulisnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Skripsi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Merupakan karya tulis resmi yang membahas permasalahan
dalam bidang tertentu yang digunakan sebagai syarat penyelesaian studi akhir
jenjang sarjana. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tesis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Karya tulis ilmiah resmi yang disusun oleh seorang
mahasiswa sebagai salah satu syarat menyelesaikan bidang studi magister (S2).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disertasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Karya tulis ilmiah resmi akhir untuk menyelesaikan program
doktor (S3).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Karya tulis ilmiah populer</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Merupakan karya tulis ilmiah yang medianya berupa media
cetak atau media elektronik yang dipublikasikan kehadapan publik pembaca.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Orasi ilmiah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Merupakan salah satu jenis karya ilmiah yang biasanya
disampaikan dalam kegiatan akademik di perguruan tinggi, misalnya peresmian
guru besar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahapan Penulisan Karya Ilmiah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahap Persiapan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemilihan tema. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Tema diartikan sebagai pokok pikiran. Tema yang baik adalah
yang paling dikuasai penulisnya. Tema juga harus menarik perhatian penulis
sendiri dan jika mungkin untu pembacanya , selain itu tema juga haruslah
sesuatu yang baru dan bermanfaat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pembatasan tema.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Dibuat untuk membatasi batasan materi yang akan digarap
oleh penulis sehingga penulis hanya menggarap atau memfokuskan kajiannya
terhadap persoalan yang akan ditulisnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menentukan maksud dan tujuan penulisan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Pembatasan maksud merupakan sebuah rancangan menyeluruh
yang memungkinkan penulis bergerak bebas dengan batasan tema tersebut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan penulisan biasanya berkaitan erat
dengan jenis karya ilmiah yang akan ditulis, misalnya menjelaskan kepada
pembaca sehingga pembaca mengetahuinya, meyakinkan pembaca sehingga paham dan
meyakininya, mempengaruhi pembaca dalam pendirian dan pendapatnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menyusun outline</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Outline karya-karya tulis ilmiah adalah suatu rencana kerja
yang memuat garis-garis besar dari suatu karya tulis ilmiah yang akan digarap.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahap Pengumpulan Data</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Pada tahap ini dilakukan serangkaian kegiatan meliputi
penyusunan instrumen , uji coba instrumen, pengumpulan data. Tahap ini harus
mampu menghasilkan alat pengumpul data yang valid dan reliabel serta
pengumpulan data yang benar-benar representatif dan proposional. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahap Analisis Data</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Teknik analisis data dapat dilakukan secara kualitatif dan
kuantitaif. Teknik kualitatif dapat dilakukan dengan cara identifikasi data,
klasifikasi data, analisis data, interpretasi data dan pembuatan simpulan.
Untuk teknik kuantitatif dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji statistik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahap penyusunan draft laporan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Kerangka tulisan yang dibuat dikembangkan dengan cara
menyajikan hasil studi pustaka, hasil pengumpulan data, hasil analisis data dan
simpulan yang diperoleh.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahap Revising dan Editing</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Draft karya tulis ilmiah yang telah dibuat sebaiknya
dilakukan revisi kembali untuk mengetahui kesalahan yang terdapat dalam isi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahap Pelaporan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Pada tahap ini karya tulis yang telah disusunnya harus
mampu dilaporkan sekaligus dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sistematika Karya Tulis Ilmiah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bagian Pembuka</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Pada bagian ini terdapat lembar judul, halaman judul,
lembar pengesahan, abstrak, kata pengantar, daftar isi, daftar tabel, daftar
gambar, daftar lampiran, dan daftar lambang atau singkatan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bagian Isi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Secara umum memuat pendahuluan, pembahasan, dan simpulan
saran. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bagian Penutup</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Bagian penutup biasanya berupa daftar pustaka, riwayat
hidup penulis, dan lampiran-lampiran yang diperlukan demi kelengkapan isi karya
tulis ilmiah.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Rujukan </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Abidin, yunus dan Azis, Firman.(2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kemampuan Berbahasa Indonesia Di Perguruan Tinggi</i>. Bandung: Maulana
Media Grafika.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-78078347851124607542013-01-13T13:42:00.000+07:002013-01-13T13:42:44.370+07:00Fungsi Bahasa, Fungsi Bahasa Indonesia dan kedudukannya<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Bahasa adalah sistem lambang bunyi ujaran yang
digunakan untuk berkomunikasi oleh masyarakat pemakainya. Bahasa yang baik
berkembang berdasarkan suatu sistem, yaitu seperangkat aturan yang dipatuhi
oleh pemakainya. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Fungsi utama bahasa adalah sebagai alat komunikasi.
Proses komunikasi dapat terjadi apabila penerima pesan mampu memahami apa yang
dimaksudkan oleh penerima pesan. Peran bahasa disini adalah menjadi alat
penghubung gagasan yang ingin disampaikan secara lisan atau tulisan. Oleh
karena itu, proses komunikasi dapat dilakukan baik secara langsung maupun tidak
langsung. Surat misalnya dapat dikatakan sebagai bahasa tulis, sedangkan pidato
sebagai bahasa lisan.Bahasa juga memiliki fungsi-fungsi yang lain, yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: small;">1)</span></span></span></span>Fungsi Espresif, misalnya dapat terlihat dari
karya sastra berupa puisi. Pengarang menuangkan gagasan, pengalamannya dan
mengekspresikan idenya lewat bahasa yang kemudian dibentuk dalam genre puisi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Fungsi
Estetis, berarti bahasa berfungsi sebagai media yang indah untuk menyampaikan
peran. Fungsi estetis bisa diwujudkan dalam bentuk karya sastra. Namun fungsi
estetis pun dapat pula diwujudkan dalam bentuk lain.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> 3)</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Fungsi
Informatif, artinya bahasa dapat juga digunakan untuk menginformasikan sesuatu
kepada orang lain. Fungsi Informatif ini dapt diwujudkan dalam bentul lisan dan
tulisan. Dalam bentul lisan seperti percakapan sedangkan bentul tulisan seperti
buku-buku.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> 4)</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Berfungsi
sebagai alat fungsional. Artinya bahasa dapat dijadikan sebagai alat untuk
mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu. Misalnya sebagai alat untuk mempengaruhi orang
lain.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <span style="font-size: small;">5)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span>Fungsi
khalayak imajiner, dalam hal ini bahasa digunakan untuk mencurahkan berbagai
bentuk daya khayal dari seseorang.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="font-size: small;">6</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span></span>Fungsi Emosional. Artinya bahasa dapat
membangkitkan emosi seseorang bahkan dapat menggerakan tingkah laku seseorang.
</div>
<br />
<ol>
<li> </li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
KEDUDUKAN DAN FUNGSI BAHASA INDONESIA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara garis
besar bahasa Indonesia memiliki peranan yang dapt digolongkan atas dua
kedudukan penting yakni sebagai bahasa nasional atau bahasa persatuan dan
sebagai bahasa negara. Sebagai bahasa nasional lahir sejalan dengan lahirnya
sumpah pemuda pada tahun 1928. Sebagai bahasa negara lahir sejalan dengan
lahirnya negara Indonesia yakni tahun 1945.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam kedudukannya
sebagai bahasa nasional dan bahasa negara, bahasa Indonesia memiliki fungsi
antara lain sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lambang kebanggaan nasional.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lambang identitas nasional</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bahasa persatuan berbagai suku bangsa yang
memiliki latar belakang bahasa dan budaya yang berbeda-beda.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bahasa perhubungan antara berbagai wilayah di
nusantara.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.8pt;">
Dalam kedudukannya
sebagai bahasa negara, bahasa Indonesia memiliki berbagai fungsi , antara lain
sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 56.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bahasa resmi negara</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 56.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bahasa pengantar di dunia pendidikan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 56.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bahasa perhubungan dalam hal mewujudkan
kepentingan nasional</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 56.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bahasa pengembang ilmu pengetahuan teknologi dan
budaya.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-36812406060829299842012-12-22T13:53:00.002+07:002012-12-22T13:53:56.881+07:00Penggunaan Tanda Baca Titik Dua dan Titik Koma<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYWVMnWIB0412Lj4XJ5zqmL0_lXEwKrmsM59TQtc-Us_EQ5njRFZQCKhyphenhyphenAYB4AVyzE_PUhsBb4k0A4myRbancIb67MZwcfe2tcD47aJLeKmPWdz5JT3Lhe1GhG8Wexyj0gxno9Dw7xEbmp/s1600/koma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYWVMnWIB0412Lj4XJ5zqmL0_lXEwKrmsM59TQtc-Us_EQ5njRFZQCKhyphenhyphenAYB4AVyzE_PUhsBb4k0A4myRbancIb67MZwcfe2tcD47aJLeKmPWdz5JT3Lhe1GhG8Wexyj0gxno9Dw7xEbmp/s320/koma.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mempelajari
penggunaan tanda titik koma dan tanda titik dua.<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: small;">1. </span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda
titik koma (;) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik koma dapat dipakai untuk
memisahkan bagian-bagian kalimat yang sejenis dan setara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malam makin larut;
pekerjaan belum selesai juga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik koma dapat dipakai sebagai
pengganti kata penghubung untuk memisahkan kalimat yang setara di dalam kalimat
majemuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayah mengurus
tanamannya di kebun itu; Ibu sibuk bekerja di dapur; Adik menghafal nama-nama
pahlawan nasuonal; Saya sendiri asyik mendengarkan siaran radio. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2. Tanda
titik dua (:)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik dua dapat dipakai pada akhir
suatau pernyataan lengkap jika diikuti rangkaian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita sekarang memerlukan
perabot rumah tangga: kursi, meja dan lemari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik dua dipakai sesudah kata
atau ungkapan yang memerlukan penjelasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketua<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Gita Putri Andini</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekretaris<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Asri Nur Wulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bendahara<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dika Awaludin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik dua dipakai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam teks drama sesudah kata yang menunjukan
pelaku dalam percakapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: (meletakkan beberapa sayuran) “Bawa
sayuran ini, Mir!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mira<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: “Baik, bu”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik dua dipakai diantara jilid
atau nomor dan halaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik dua dipakai diantara bab dan
ayat dalam kitab suci.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik dua dipakai diantara judul
dan anak judul suatu karangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda titik dua dipakai diantara nama kota
dan penerbit buku acuan dalam karangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Surah Yasin:9</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penggunaan tanda baca sangat penting
dalam sebuah teks. Jika sebuah teks tidak menggunakan tanda baca, atau
menggunakan tanda baca secara tidak tepat, tentu akan kesulitan daam memahami
teks tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rujukan:
Hatikah, tika.(2006).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Membina Kompetensi
Berbahasa dan Bersastra Indonesia</i>.Bandung: Grafindo Media Pratama. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-35849597004012809632012-12-22T12:22:00.002+07:002012-12-22T12:22:15.117+07:00MEMBACA PRA SEKOLAH<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EesdH8Lahc</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendidikan Pra dasar adalah suatu upaya
dalam proses pertumbuhan, perkembangan fisik dan psikologis anak sesuai dengan
karakteristiknya. Pendidikan di Taman Kanak-Kanak dilaksanakan dengan prinsip
bermain sambil belajar atau belajar seraya bermain sesuai dengan perkembangan
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interaktif dengan lingkungannya. Oleh karena itu, perkembangan bahasa anak
dalam proses pembelajaran harus memperoleh perhatian yang serius bagi pendidik
(utamanya guru dan orang tua/keluarga).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perkembangan bahasa anak dapat diamati melalui
kemampuan bercerita, bercakap-cakap, membaca puisi, menyanyi dan sebagainya,
yang kesemuanya ini dapat diperoleh dari berbagai sumber baik melalui bahan
bacaan, diceritakan orang lain atau mendengar siaran-siaran media masa baik
lewat radio atau televisi. Upaya untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berbahasa anak
di Taman Kanak-Kanak dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai cara dan tahapan-tahapan
tertentu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara khusus, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Flood dan Laap (1981:350</i>), mengidentifikasi tahap-tahap
perkembangan kemampuan membaca pada anak yakni: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
Fantasi <i>(magical stage)</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahap ini anak mulai menggunakan buku, mulai
berpikir bahwa buku ini penting, melihat atau membolak-balikkan dan
kadang-kadang anak membawa buku kesukaannya. Pada tahap pertama, orang tua atau
guru dapat memberikan atau menunjukkan model/contoh tentang perlunya membaca,
membacakan sesuatu pada anak, membicarakan buku pada anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
Pembentukan Konsep Diri <i>(self concept stage)</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahap kedua, orang tua atau guru memberikan
rangsangan dengan jalan membacakan sesuatu pada buku-buku yang diketahui
anak-anak. Orang tua atau guru juga hendaknya melibatkan anak membacakan
berbagai buku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
Membaca gambar <i>(bridging reading stage)</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahap ketiga, orang tua dan guru membacakan
sesuatu pada anak-anak, menghadirkan berbagai kosa kata pada lagu dan puisi,
memberikan kesempatan menulis sesering mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
Pengenalan Bacaan <i>(take-of reader stage)</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahap keempat, orang tua dan guru masih harus
membacakan sesuatu untuk anak-anak sehingga mendorong anak membaca sesuatu pada
berbagai situasi. Orang tua dan guru juga jangan memaksa anak membaca huruf
secara sempurna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
Membaca Lancar <i>(independent reader stage)</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahap ini, orang tua dan guru masih tetap
membacakan berbagai jenis buku pada anak-anak. Tindakan ini mendorong anak agar
dapat memperbaiki bacaannya. Membantu menyeleksi bahan-bahan bacaan yang sesuai
serta mengajarkan cerita yang berstruktur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membaca merupakan salah satu aspek
penting yang diajarkan, karena kegiatan membaca merupakan kegiatan yang
kompleks dan melibatkan berbagai keterampilan. Hal ini ditegaskan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grellt (dalam Muchlisoh et al., 1992:119),</i>
bahwa “kegiatan membaca adalah semacam dialog antara pembaca dan penulis, tanpa
kecuali anak usia dini, dan kemampuan membaca mempengaruhi kemampuan berbicara,
sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa membaca merupakan aspek kebahasaan yang
berfungsi sebagai pintu awal dalam membuka cakrawala berpikir seseorang”.
Demikian pula menurut Flood dan Lapp (1981:350), bahwa “membaca merupakan suatu
proses berpikir yang mana pembaca menjadi partisipan aktif”. Anderson yang
dikutip oleh Tarigan (1986:8), menjelaskan bahwa “membaca adalah suatu proses
yang dilakukan serta digunakan oleh pembaca untuk memperoleh pesan yang
disampaikan melalui media kata-kata, di mana kata-kata tersebut merupakan satu
kesatuan yang dapat dilihat dan mempunyai makna. Proses membaca dimulai dari
keinginan anak untuk memahami dan melafalkan huruf sehingga menjadi rangkaian
kata-kata yang penuh makna. Oleh karena itu, permulaan membaca bagi anak di
Taman Kanak-Kanak harus memperoleh perhatian sungguh-sungguh dari pendidik,
sehingga anak menyadari bahwa dengan membaca anak-anak dapat memperoleh
berbagai pengetahuan dan informasi dari media cetak, dan pada akhirnya mereka
dapat menginformasikan dan mengkomunikasikan itu kepada orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk memberikan rangsangan positif
terhadap munculnya berbagai keberbahasaan anak yang telah diuraikan di atas,
maka permainan dan berbagai alat bantu memegang peranan penting. Lingkungan
(termasuk di dalamnya peranan orang tua dan guru) seharusnya menciptakan
berbagai aktivitas bermain sederhana yang memberikan arahan dan bimbingan agar
berbagai potensi anak akan tumbuh dan berkembang secara optimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2011/05/02/hakikat-permulaan-membaca-di-taman-kanak-kanak%E2%80%A6hardiknas-rangkat/#">Rujukan :http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2011/05/02/hakikat-permulaan-membaca-di-taman-kanak-kanak%E2%80%A6hardiknas-rangkat/#</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-4083049068506727762012-12-22T10:50:00.002+07:002012-12-22T10:50:42.059+07:00PUISI<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> SUMARDI</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Puisi adalah
karya sastra dengan bahasa yang dipadatkan, dipersingkat, dan diberi irama
dengan bunyi yang padu serta pemilihan kata-kata kias (imajinatif).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan pendapat Richards,
Siswanto dan Roekhan (1991:55-65) menjelaskan unsur-unsur puisi sebagai
berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Struktur
Fisik Puisi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meliputi hal-hal sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perwajahan
puisi (tipografi), yaitu bentuk penulisan puisi mengenai pengaturan tepi
kanan-kiri, pengaturan baris, dan tidak selalu diawal kalimat menggunakan huruf
kapital dan diakhiri tanda titik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diksi, yaitu
pemilihan kata-kata yang dilakukan oleh penyair dalam puisinya. Pemilihan
kata-kata dalam puisi erat kaitannya dengan makna, keselarasan bunyi, dan
urutan kata. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Geoffrey (dalam Waluyo,
19987:68-69)</i> menjelaskan bahwa bahasa puisi mengalami 9 (sembilan) aspek
penyimpangan, yaitu penyimpangan leksikal, penyimpangan semantis, penyimpangan
fonologis, penyimpangan sintaksis, penggunaan dialek, penggunaan register
(ragam bahasa tertentu oleh kelompok/profesi tertentu), penyimpangan historis
(penggunaan kata-kata kuno), dan penyimpangan grafologis (penggunaan kapital
hingga titik)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Imaji, yaitu
kata atau susunan kata-kata yang dapat mengungkapkan pengalaman indrawi,
seperti penglihatan, pendengaran, dan perasaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kata
kongkret, yaitu kata yang dapat ditangkap oleh indera sehingga memunculkan
imaji. Kata-kata ini berhubungan dengan kiasan atau lambang. Misal kata
kongkret “salju: melambangkan kebekuan cinta, kehampaan hidup, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(5)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahasa figuratif,
yaitu bahasa kiasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(6)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Versifikasi,
yaitu menyangkut rima, ritme, dan metrum. Rima adalah persamaan bunyi pada
puisi, baik di awal, tengah, dan akhir baris puisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Struktur Batin Puisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun struktur batin puisi akan
meliputi : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tema/makna (<i>sense</i>);
makna tiap kata, baris, bait, maupun makna keseluruhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasa (<i>feeling</i>),
yaitu sikap penyair terhadap pokok permasalahan yang terdapat dalam puisinya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nada (<i>tone</i>),
yaitu sikap penyair terhadap pembacanya. Nada juga berhubungan dengan tema dan
rasa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Amanat/tujuan/maksud.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">JENIS PUISI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut zamannya, puisi dibedakan atas puisi lama,
puisi baru dan puisi kontemporer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Puisi lama adalah puisi yang terikat oleh
aturan-aturan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri
puisi lama: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Merupakan puisi rakyat yang tak dikenal nama
pengarangnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disampaikan lewat mulut ke mulut, jadi merupakan
sastra lisan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sangat terikat oleh aturan-aturan seperti jumlah
baris tiap bait, jumlah suku kata maupun rima.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Yang termasuk puisi lama
adalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mantra adalah ucapan-ucapan yang dianggap memiliki
kekuatan gaib </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pantun
adalah puisi yang bercirikan bersajak a-b-a-b, tiap bait 4 baris, tiap baris
terdiri dari 8-12 suku kata, 2 baris awal sebagai sampiran, 2 baris
berikutnya sebagai isi. Pembagian pantun menurut isinya terdiri dari pantun
anak, muda-mudi, agama/nasihat, teka-teki, jenaka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Karmina
adalah pantun kilat seperti pantun tetapi pendek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seloka
adalah pantun berkait</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gurindam
adalah puisi yang berdirikan tiap bait 2 baris, bersajak a-a-a-a, berisi
nasihat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Syair
adalah puisi yang bersumber dari Arab dengan ciri tiap bait 4 baris, bersajak
a-a-a-a, berisi nasihat atau cerita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">g) Talibun adalah
pantun genap yang tiap bait terdiri dari 6, 8, ataupun 10 baris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Puisi baru bentuknya lebih bebas daripada puisi lama baik dalam segi
jumlah baris, suku kata, maupun rima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri Puisi Baru: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bentuknya
rapi, simetris</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mempunyai persajakan akhir (yang teratur)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Banyak mempergunakan pola sajak pantun dan syair
meskipun ada pola yang lain</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sebagian besar puisi empat seuntai</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tiap-tiap barisnya atas sebuah gatra (kesatuan
sintaksis)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tiap gatranya terdiri atas dua kata (sebagian
besar) : 4-5 suku kata.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Jenis-jenis Puisi Baru</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut
isinya, puisi dibedakan atas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
a) <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Balada
adalah puisi berisi kisah/cerita</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
b) <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Himne
adalah puisi pujaan untuk Tuhan, tanah air, atau pahlawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
c) <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ode
adalah puisi sanjungan untuk orang yang berjasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
d) <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Epigram
adalah puisi yang berisi tuntunan/ajaran hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
e) <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Romance
adalah puisi yang berisi luapan perasaan cinta kasih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
f) <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Elegi
adalah puisi yang berisi ratap tangis/kesedihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">g) Satire
adalah puisi yang berisi sindiran/kritik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Puisi Kontemporer yaitu puisi masa kini yang muncul sesuai
perkembangan zaman atau selalu menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan keadaan zaman.
Selain itu, puisi kontemporer dapat diartikan sebagai puisi yang lahir dalam
kurun waktu terakhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri Puisi Kontemporer: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kata-kata yang kurang memperhatikan santun
bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memakai kata-kata makin kasar, ejekan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memakai kata-kata simbolik atau lambing intuisi,
gaya bahasa, irama. (Sumber : <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisi" target="_blank" title="Puisi"><span style="color: blue;">wikipedia puisi</span></a>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
DEKLAMASI PUISI ANAK SD PEMENANG JUARA PUISI RENDRA TK NASIONAL 2012 </div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/iu-o8KBt68M?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe> </div>
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Sumber http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iu-o8KBt68M</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-35933537828122960302012-12-07T18:59:00.000+07:002012-12-22T10:59:19.034+07:00Manusia dan Pentingnya Teknologi Informasi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manusia pada dasarnya merupakan makhluk sosial yang tidak dapat berdiri
sendiri, manusia memerlukan orang lain untuk berkomunikasi. Hanya dengan cara
berinteraksilah mereka dapat saling memahami dan saling tolong- menolong. Tanpa
alat komunikasi hubungan antar manusia tidak akan berjalan harmonis, mereka
tidak dapat saling mengerti, saling memahami dan mereka juga tidak dapat saling
mengetahui bagaimana kondisi saudara-saudaranya. Sehingga atas dasar kebutuhan
tersebut manusia berupaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencari dan
menciptakan sistem atau alat untuk saling berinteraksi. Misalnya saja pada
jaman dahulu manusia tinggal di dalam gua, untuk melakukan sebuah interaksi
mereka biasanya menggambar pada dinding-dinding gua tersebut. Namun seiring
dengan perkembangan jaman mereka menciptakan suatu teknologi mulai dari yang
sederhana seperti menggunakan isyarat (tangan, asap dan bunyi), semakin kesini
mereka sudah mulai menggunakan huruf, kata, kalimat, tulisan, surat, dan
sekarang sudah mulai merambah ke dalam teknologi yang canggih seperti telepon
dan internet. Begitu pentingnya teknologi Informasi sehingga kalau kita
perhatikan dari jaman dahulu pun mereka sebenarnya sudah sangat antusias untuk
menciptakan alat yang dapat mereka gunakan untuk berkomunikasi. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain itu </span><span class="l6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%;">teknologi inf</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%;">ormas</span></span><span class="l6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%;">ipun juga dapat </span></span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">meningkatkan kinerja
serta memungkinkan semua kegiatan dapat terselesaikan dengan cepat , tepat,
akurat dan meningkatkan produktifitas kerja karena teknologi informasi menghasilkan
informasi yang berkualitas dan sangat relevan baik untuk
keperluan pribadi, bisnis, kesehatan, hobi, ,dan rohani maupun
pemerintahan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jadi dapat dikatakan bahwa
teknologi informasi dapat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">memberikan
kontribusi yang signifikan</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap
kehidupan manusia. Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, selain itu sekarang
kita sudah tidak asing lagi mendengar kata radio apalagi menggunakannya sudah
tentu mengetahui, setelah radio digunakan sebagai alat untuk berkomunikasi,
muncul lagi yang namanya televisi, televisi lebih canggih dari pada radio
karena kita dapat mengetahuinya secara audio visual. Dengan perkembangan jaman
yang begitu pesat munculah teknologi yang lebih canggih yaitu telepon genggam
atu hp. Selanjutnya keluarlah internet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
Internet kita dapat berinteraksi tanpa batasan jarak fisik, waktu, kelas
ekonomi, ras, Negara atau jarak geografis. informasi mengalir dengan
sangat cepat dan menyeruak ruang kesadaran banyak orang. Perubahan informasi kini
tidak lagi ada dalam skala minggu atau hari atau bahkan jam, melainkan
sudah berada dalam skala menit dan detik. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekarang
kalau kita perhatikan, setiap orang sudah mempunyai komputer, semakin portable
dan mobile. Akibatnya seluruh peralatan yang menunjang kehidupan manusia akan
mengandung komputer yang embedded. Ketersediaan jaringan internet sangat
tinggi karena itu akses terhadap informasi dapat dilakukan di manapun dan
kapanpun. Dengan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi semua proses kerja dan
konten akan diubah dari bentuk fisik dan statis menjadi digital, mobile,
virtual ataupun personal sehingga kecepatan kinerja bisnis meningkat dengan
cepat.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nah, sepertinya kehidupan kita tidak akan terlepas dari penggunaan
teknologi informasi bahkan teknologi informasi telah menjadi bagian yang mutlak
diperlukan manusia. Tidak ada seorang manusia yang dapat terlepas dari
penggunaan teknologi informasi dalam kehidupan sehari – harinya. Contohnya saja
dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bidang pendidikan</i> dalam
mengolah data dan menghasilkan informasi semuanya membutuhkan teknologi
informasi yang berbasis elektronika, bahkan sekarang sudah memungkinkan untuk
diadakannya proses belajar jarak jauh menggunakan media internet untuk
menghubungkan peserta didik dengan pendidiknya, untuk melihat jadwal kuliah,
untuk mencari materi online, mengecek keuangan atau bahkan dalam mengumpulkan
tugas sekalipun antara peserta didik dan pendidik tidak perlu bertatap muka
hanya cukup dengan mengirimkannya lewat email saja. Selain itu kita juga dapat
dengan mudah dan cepat berinterksi dengan orang lain misalkan melalui chatroom,
discussion group ataupun milist. Dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bidang
pemerintahan</i> contohnya adalah penerapan e-goverment sebagai sistem
informasi yang tersebar di seluruh daerah dan departement, misalnya koordinasi
pemerintahan dilakukan melalui email atau bahkan Videoconference.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekarang mari kita amati bagaimana munculnya teknologi informasi dalam
kehidupan kita. Seperti kita ketahui bahwa teknologi adalah cara yang dilakukan
manusia untuk memenuhi keinginannya. Ada dua jenis teknologi yaitu teknologi
konvensional ( tradisional) dan teknologi modern. Dari namanya saja konvensional
dan modern sudah jelas memiliki perbedaan yang bertolak belakang. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teknologi informasi konvensional</i> masih
dikerjakan secara manual dan jangkauannya pun masih sangat terbatas sehingga
membutuhkan waktu yang sangat lama karena bersumber pada sesuatu yang bersifat
nyata, misalnya bersumber dari buku bacaan. Selain itu bersifat mengulang –
ulang atau tidak adanya kreasi dan inovasi dalam mengembangkan informasi itu
sendiri dan seni mengajarnya karena bersumber dari buku bacaan tadi yang
digunakan untuk jangka waktu yang lama. Dalam mendapatkannya pun mengalami
keterbatasan financial dan jauhnya lokasi untuk mendapatkannya. Penggunaan
teknologi ini cenderung menggunakan metode tatap muka. Sedangkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">teknologi informasi modern </i>dilakukan
secara mekanis, serba canggih dan jangkauannya sangat luas dan serba cepat (
instan). Teknologi ini biasanya sudah menggunakan internet dalam
mengirim/menerima data informasi sehingga tidk membutuhkan waktu yang lama, lebih
singkat, lebih terbuka karena bersumber dari sesuatu yang berbasis elektronika
seperti internet tersebut. Teknologi modern ini berbeda dengan teknologi
konvensional karena tidak terpaku pada buku yang sama namun relative kreatif
dan berinovasi serta berkembang mengikuti perkembangan jaman dan perkembangan
teknologi. Ini ditandai dengan adanya CD tutorial, E-book ataupun buku-buku
online lainnya yang dapat di akses kapanpun dan dimanapun saja tanpa
memperhatikan jarak. Selain itu harganya relatif murah dan tidak selalu harus
bertatap muka tetapi dapat dipadukan dengan metode online ( via internet dan
erbagai pengembangan informasi lainnya).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seiring
dengan perkembangan jaman, teknologi informasi juga mengalami <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perkembangan dari waktu ke waktu, ada beberapa
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">masa yang terdokumentasikan</i>
diantaranya:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: small;">1. </span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa
prasejarah</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada jaman
ini teknologi informasi digunakan sebagai sistem untuk pengenalan bentuk-bentuk
yang ingin dikenali. Informasi yang didapatkan digambarkan pada dinding gua
atau tebing-tebing bebatuan. Perkembangan selanjutnya dimulai dengan
menggunakan alat-alat yang menghasilkan bunyi-bunyi dan isyarat seperti gendang
dan yang lainnya.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: small;"> 2. </span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa sejarah</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa
ini teknologi berkebang pada masyarakat kalangan atas seperti kepala suku yang
digunakan pada kegiatan tertentu seperti upacara adat atau ritual.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa tahun 300 SM</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa ini manusia mengenal simbol berupa piktograf
sebagai huruf yang mempunyai bunyi untuk informasi, sehingga mampu membentuk
kata, kalimat dan bahasa. Informasi ini digunakan oleh Bangsa Sumeria untuk
pertama kali.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa tahun 2900 SM </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa ini ditemukan banhwa Bangsa Mesir Kuno
mengenal huruf Hierogliph yang berupa ungkapan.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa tahun 500 SM</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa ini merupakan pengenalan media informasi yang
sebelumnya berupa lembaran tanah berganti menjadi serat pohon papyrus.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa tahun 1455</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa ini merupakan upaya dalam menciptakan mesin
cetak. Pada masa ini manusia sudah menggunakan mesin cetak berupa plat huruf
yang terbuat dari besi yang kemudian digantikan dengan bingkai dari kayu yang
dikembangkan oleh John Gulenberg.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa tahun 1800-an</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahun 1830 orang sudah mengenal program komputer
seperti menciptakan mesin analytical, pengiriman serta penampilan teknologi
informasi dan pengembangan sistem penulis desimal.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa tahun 1900-an</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa ini ditandai dengan penciptaan tabung tv
yang pertama (1923). Pada masa perang dunia II dikembangkan ilmu pengetahuan
dalam bidang inforasi yang digunakan untuk kepentingan pengiriman dan
penerimaan dokumen-dokumen militer yang disimpan dalam bentuk magnetic tape.
Pertumbuhan teknologi informasi (internet) melaju dengan sangat cepat dan mulai
merambah ke dalam segi kehidupan manusia dan menjadi bagian yang tidak dapat
dipisahkan.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari
sejarah perkembangan teknologi di atas, ternyata ada juga bidang-bidang yang
memicu perkembangan teknologi agar berkembang lebih pesat. Diantaranya :</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang pendidikan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di bidang pendidikan sangat memicu perkembangan </span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">teknologi
informasi. Globalisasi berpengaruh pada kecenderungan
pergeseran-pergeseran dalam dunia pendidikan yangkonvensional(tatap muka)
kearah pendidikan yang lebih terbuka dan fleksibel. Dengan perkembangan
teknologi dan informasi memungkinkan dalam pendidikan diadakan belajar
jarak jauh menggunakan media internet dalam menghubungkan peserta
didik dan pendidiknya. Dalam bidang ini perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan
dalam bidang informasi dan komunikasi selalu berkembang dari hari ke </span></span><span class="l7"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hari
sehingga memacu penci</span></span><span class="l6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ptaan alat-alat yang
mendukung</span></span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> perkembangan teknologi
informasi, mulai dari sistem komunikasi sampai dengan alatkomunikasi yang
searah maupun dua arah.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang
pemerintahan</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di bidang pemerintahan mengacu pada penggunaan
teknologi informasi pemerintahan, seperti penggunaan intranet dan internet
yang mempunyai kemampuan menghubungkan keperluan penduduk, bisnis dan
kegiatan lainnya, karena sistem pemerintahan yang baik adalah yangmemenuhi
tuntutan masyarakatnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini memicu
penciptaan alat-alat yang mendukung perkembangan teknologi informasi guna
tercapainya keterpaduan sistem penyelenggaraan pemerintah.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang Keuangan
dan Perbankan</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di bidang Keuangan dan
Perbankan para pelaku ekonomi khususnya di kota-kota besar telahmemanfaatkan
layanan Perbankan modern. Oleh karenanya di bidang ini dibutuhkan
teknologiinformasi yang handal yang dapat diakses oleh nasabahnya. Hal inilah
yang memicu perkembangan teknologi untuk lebih canggih lagi guna menunjang
keberhasilan sebuah lembagakeuangan / Perbankan tsb.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apabila
dilihat dari sejarah perkembangan teknologi informasi yang berkembang begitu
pesat, ini akan berdamapak juga pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ekspektasi
perkembangan teknologi informasi</i> ke depannya. <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">adalah akan lebih</span> bersifat terbuka dan dua arah, beragam,
multidisipliner, serta terkait pada produktifitas kerja sekarang misalnya:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer ada di mana-mana, semakin portable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mobile. Di sisi lain,
seluruh peralatan yang menunjang kehidupan manusia akan mengandung
komputer yang embedded. Ketersediaan jaringan internet sangat tinggi karena itu
akses terhadap informasi dapat dilakukan di manapun dan kapanpun. Internet akan
mengandung informasi yang berlimpah. Manusia dapat bekerja, menikmati
hiburan, bersosialisasi dan berkelana secara virtual ke seluruh dunia
tanpa harus beranjak dari tempat duduknya. Robot-robot cerdas akan
melayani seluruh kebutuhanmanusia. Manusia dapat melakukan berbagai hal dengan
upaya fisik yang sangat minimum. Dua hal kunci adalah: Cyberspace atau dunia
virtual, anytimeanywhere access dan minimalisasi aktifitas fisik.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berkembangnya pendidikan terbuka
dengan cara belajar jarak jauh ( distance learning).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sharing resources antar lembaga
dalam sebuah jaringan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perpustakaan dan instrumen
pendidikan seperti guru dan laboratorium akan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> berubah fungsi menjadi sumber
informasi</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan perangkat teknologi
informasi interaktif, seperti CD-ROM dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Multimedia, dalam pendidikan secara
bertahap menggantikan TV dan Video.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain itu, kita dapat membayangkan
bagaimana kemajuan teknologi informasi pada masa yang akan datang dengan
mengikuti era globalisasi. Mungkin tanpa terduga kemajuan yang tidak masuk akal
pun akan tercipta.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada waktu 5 tahun mendatang.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perangkat kecil yang dioperasikan oleh baterai yang
sangat lama, layar fleksibel dan proyektor HD built in, layar sentuh multitouch
yang lebih besar, input gerakan lebih baik, dan pengenal suara yang sempurna,
serta jaringan 4G/5G dan wifi sudah mencangkup hingga ke negara berkembang
tidak hanya negara maju saja.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 10 tahun mendatang</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan papan ketik virtual dan input suara
menggantikan papan ketik fisik secara menyeluruh, teknologi dimana semua orang
dapat terhubung dimanapun dan kapanpun (whitespace), serta LCD transparan yang
dapat diaplikasikan ke kaca regular.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 15 tahun mendatang</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lensa kontak yang dapat memproyeksikan gambar visual
langsung ke retina mata, mengontrol perangkat dengan menggunakan pikiran,
internet akan megandung informasi yang berlimpah.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 20 tahun mendatang</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manusia dapat bekerja, menikmati hiburan,
bersosialisasi dan berkelana secara virtual keseluruhan dunia tanpa hrus
beranjak dari tempat duduknya. Robot-robot cerdas akan melayani seluruh
kebutuhan manusia. Manusia dapat melakukan berbagai hal dengan upaya fisik yang
sangat minimum.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sangat
hebat sekali bagaimana peran teknologi informasi dapat membantu manusia dalam
melakukan berbagai hal. Sehingga manusia dapat melakukan pekerjaannya secara
optimal. tetapi mari kita bandingkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hasi</i>l
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kerja dengan dan tanpa mengoptimalkan
teknologi</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">informasi</i>.
Diantaranya:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transfer dokumen yang
dahulu 3 hari (dengan surat pos) sekarang ( dengan faximile/email) hanya 45
detik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>operasional penerbangan (airline
operation) dahulu 20 menit sekarang hanya 30 detik, pemesanan PC (build to order
PC) yang dahulu 6 hari sekarang hanya 24 jam, proses analisa perdagangan
(trading analytics) dahulu membutuhkan waktu 30 menit sekarang hanya 5 detik,
supply chain updates yang dahulu 1 hari sekarang hanya 15 menit, penyelesaian
dagang (trade settlement) yang dahulu 3 hari sekarang hanya 1 hari, penelusuran
posisi keuangan (track financial position) yang dahulu membutuhkan waktu 1 hari
penuh sekarang hanya 5 menit, aktifasi telepon yang dahulu 3 hari sekarang
hanya 1 jam, pemulihan gudng data yang dahulu 1 bulan sekarang hanya 1 jam,
pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diterima oleh call center yang dahulu membutuhkan
waktu 8 jam dengan bantuan expert information system sekarang hanya membutuhkan
waktu 10 detik.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terasa
sekali manfaat teknologi bagi kehidupan kita, apabila diperinci dampak positif
dari teknologi informasi bagi kehidupan kita diantaranya :</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penerapan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam
dunia bisnis dimanfaatkan untuk perdagangan secara elektronik atau dikenal
sebagai e-commerce yaitu sebuah perdagangan menggunakan jaringan komunikasi
internet.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam dunia perbankan teknologi informasi dan
komunikasi yaitu diterapkannya transaksi perbankan lewat internet antara lain
transfer uang, pengecekan saldo, pemindah bukuan, pembayaran tagihan, dan
informasi rekening</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penerapan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam
pendidikan teknologi pembelajaran terus mengalami perkembangan seiring
perkembangan jaman. Kemampuan dan karakteristik internet memungkinkan
terjadinya proses belajar mengajar jarak jauh menjadi lebih efektif dan efisien
sehingga dapat diperoleh hasil yang lebih baik.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penerapan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam
kesehatan sistem berbasis kartu cerdas dapat digunakan juru medis untuk
mengetahui riwayat penyakit pasien yang datang ke rumah sakit. Digunakannya
robot untuk membantu proses operasi pembedahan serta penggunaan komputer hasil
pencitraan tiga dimensi untuk menunjukkan letak tumor dalam tubuh pasien</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya kemudahan dalam mengerjakan suatu kegiatan
secara cepat, tepat, dan akurat sehingga dapat meningkatkan kinerja. Komputer
ada dimana-mana, semakin portable dan mobile ketersediaan jaringan internet
sangat tinggi karena itu akses terhadap informasi dapat dilakukan dimanapun dan
kapanpun. Dengan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi semua proses kerja dan
konten akan diubah dari bentuk fisik dan statis menjadi digital, mobile,
virtual ataupun personal sehingga kecepatan kinerja bisnis meningkat dengan
cepat.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kita juga tidak boleh melupakan bahwa segala sesuatu
juga mempunyai kelemahan termasuk teknologi informasi juga memiliki dampak
negatifnya, diantaranya :</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penipuan dengan memanfaatkan TIK makin banyak
ditemukan. Internetpun tidak luput dari serangan para penipu</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Carding yaitu merupakan pembelian barang di internet
menggunakan kartu kredit bajakan. Cara belanja kartu kredit adalah cara yang
paling banyak digunakan dalam dunia internet karena bersifat langsung.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pornografi</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perjudian. Dengan luasnya jaringan yang tersedia, para
penjudi tidak pernah perlu pergi ke tempat khusus untuk berjudi.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanyangan berupa kekejaman dan kesadisan</span></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-13177828500911865032012-11-10T18:03:00.005+07:002012-12-22T11:09:19.996+07:00Menempatkan Bahasa Indonesia Sebagai Jati Diri Bangsa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrc0Ke-nsY41GO34R1-5sqWX-az43aW_u7JoGjDehvdYxeUJ2pky1uiRwpPk04goadkvCXizRdlBu5hCGBUTmYdgR03TFm_gvItHnsuqfW6uiml8lsB5LWGlSnGsjoheszPPi5XTU_kD5/s1600/jatidiri.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrc0Ke-nsY41GO34R1-5sqWX-az43aW_u7JoGjDehvdYxeUJ2pky1uiRwpPk04goadkvCXizRdlBu5hCGBUTmYdgR03TFm_gvItHnsuqfW6uiml8lsB5LWGlSnGsjoheszPPi5XTU_kD5/s320/jatidiri.jpg" width="286" /></a></div>
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Sumpah pemuda yang ditetapkan pada tanggal 28 Oktober 1928, telah menghasilkan sebuah keputusan penvetusan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional dan bahasa persatuan. Mengapa saya memilih judul ini, padahal seperti kita ketahui bahwa dari dahulu bahasa Indonesia dijadikan sebuah identitas oleh bangsa kita. Yang berfungsi untuk memperlancar interaksi antar daerah yang dapat menyamarkan sekat-sekat dari keberagaman.</div>
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Bahasa Indonesia dalam perkembangannya tidak terlepas dari pengaruh bahasa asing dan bahasa daerah. Yang telah berkontribusi menambah pembendaharaan kosakata dalam bahasa Indonesia. Menurut Prof.Dr.Slamet Mulyana, menyebutkan bahwa "Antara bahasa daerah dan bahasa Indonesia telah terjadi kontak sosial dan budaya yang aktif, jiwa kedua bahasa telah bertemu dan akhirnya saling memperhatikan dan saling mempengaruhi".</div>
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Lewat bahasa orang dapat mengidentifikasi kelompok masyarakat, bahkan dapat mengenal perilaku dan kepribadian masyarakat penuturnya. Sehingga masalah kebahasaan tidak terlepas dari masalah kehidupan masyarakat penggunanya. Apalagi di era globalisasi menjadi sebuah tantangan bagi bangsa Indonesia untuk mempertahankan kedudukan bahasa Indonesia sebagai jati diri bangsa.</div>
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Kondisi itu telah membawa perubahan perilaku masyarakat dalam bertindak dan berbahasa sehingga kita harus lebih menempatkan kembali bahasa Indonesia sebagai jati diri bangsa. Dalam bidang pendidikan misalnya, jika kita perhatikan hasil Ujian Nasional (UN) antara penguasaan mata pelajaran bahasa asing sebut saja bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia. Hasilnya penguasaan bahasa asing lebih tinggi dibanding bahasa Indonesia. Selain itu dengan marakanya tempat bimbingan belajar bahasa asing yang semakin marak ditemui dimana-mana dan sangat digandrungi oleh generasi muda juga merupakan ciri bahwa bahasa Indonesia mengalami pergeseran.</div>
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Penggunaan bahasa asing dalam pemberian nama perusahaan, merk dagang, papan petunjuk, iklan-iklan di ruang publik juga menunjukan perubahan perilaku. khusu untuk perusahaan atau gedung-gedung yang memiliki keterkaitan sejarah dengan negara asing boleh menggunakan bahasa asing.</div>
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Ditambah lagi dengan adanya golongan anaka muda yang memiliki sifat "alay" berlebihan. Yang dalam menulis sebuah kata menggunakan gabungan huruf dan angka. Fenomena ini justru sangat ngetrend saat ini. Jika dikaji dari ketatabahasaan, tentu saja akan mengancam eksistensi bahasa Indonesia.</div>
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Untuk mempertahankan dan melestarikan bahasa Indonesia di jaman yang serba modern. Terletak pada diri kita sendiri sebagai pemilik bahasa Indonesia agar benar-benar menempatkan kedudukan bahasa Indonesia sebagai jati diri bangsa.</div>
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Tidak ada salahnya, kita mengikuti perkembangan jaman agar dapat bersaing di dunia kerja. dan memang dengan menguasai bahasa asing merupakan nilai plus bagi kita. Namun alangkah lebih baiknya sebagai warga negara yang cinta terhadap negaranya , dapat menyeimbangkan kemampuan antara berbahasa Indonesia dan bahasa asing serta dapat memilah-milah sikap. Serta tau kapan menggunakan bahasa asing dan juga tau kapan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia harus disesuaikan dengan kondisi. Dengan demikian perkembangan bahasa Indonesia akan terarah. Sehingga kita akan berusaha mempertahankan kedudukan bahasa Indonesia</div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-42172056098760405552012-10-10T20:55:00.002+07:002012-10-10T21:12:49.206+07:00Kata Ulang (Reduplikasi)<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Kata ulang adalah bentuk dasar yang diulang. Bentuk dasar adalah suatu bentuk linguistik yang dijadikan dasar pembentukan kata ulang ( bentuk yang lebih besar atau bentuk kata sebelum dijadikan kata ulang).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Bentuk dasar kata ulang ada yang dapat ditentukan dengan cepat dan mudah, tetapi ada pula yang tidak mudah ditentukan. Ada pula kata yang berbentuk seperti kata ulang, tetapi sebetulnya bukan kata ulang karena tidak mempunyai bentuk dasar. Misalnya, kata <i>masing-masing</i> dan <i>mudah-mudahan</i>.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Prinsip-prinsip Pengulangan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1. Pengulangan tidak mengubah golongan (kelas) kata, dari bentuk dasar kata ulang, seperti kata benda, kata kerja, dan kata sifat.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Contoh :</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> a. Kata benda : <i>sepatu-sepatu</i> ( sepatu), <i>bungkusan-bungkusan</i> ( bungkusan ), <i>buah-buahan </i>( buah), dan <i>pakaian-pakaian</i> ( pakaian )</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> b. Kata kerja : <i>berkejar-kejar</i> ( berkejaran), <i>mencabut-cabuti</i> ( mencabuti), <i>tertegun-tegun</i> ( tertegun)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> c. Kata sifat : <i>bagus-bagus</i> (bagus), <i>nakal-nakal</i> (nakal), <i>seburuk-buruknya</i> (buruk), dan <i>keputih-putihan </i> (putih).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">2. Bentuk dasar selalu berupa bentuk yang terdapat dalam penggunaan bahasa sehari-hari.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Contoh : </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> a. <i>Memperbincang-bincangkan</i> : bentuk dasarnya <i>memperbincangkan</i>, bukan <i>memperbincang</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> b.<i> bersalam-salaman</i> : bentuk dasarnya <i>bersalaman</i>, bukan <i>bersalam</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> c. <i>rumah-rumahan</i> : bentuk dasarnya <i>rumah</i>, bukan <i>rumahan</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Berdasarkan jenisnya, kata ulang terbagi menjadi empat jenis.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1. Pengulangan Utuh (Dwilingga)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Contoh : <i>lampu-lampu</i> (lampu), <i>pertokoan-pertokoan</i> (pertokoan),<i> kekerasan-kekerasan</i> (kekerasan), dan <i>goncangan-goncangan</i> (goncangan)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">2. Pengulangan sebagian (Dwipurwa)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Contoh :<i> bercaci-cacian</i> (bercacian), <i>menendang-nendang </i>(menendang), <i>minum-minuman</i> (minuman), dan <i>tunjuk-tunjukan</i>( menunjuk)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">3. Pengulangan berimbuhan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Contoh : <i>mobil-mobilan</i> (mobil), <i>sebesar-besarnya </i>( besar), <i>kemerah-merahan</i> (merah), dan <i>gunung-gemunung</i> (gunung)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">4. Pengulangan dengan perubahan fonem (berubah bunyi vokal atau konsonan)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Contoh : <i>warna-warni</i> (warna), <i>sayur-mayur</i>( sayur), <i>bolak-balik </i>(balik), dan <i>kerlap-kerlip</i>(kerlip)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Kata ulang dapat menyatakan beberapa makna. Berikut adalah makna-makna yang terdapat dalam kata ulang.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1. Menyatakan banyak contoh pemain-pemain, buku-buku, meja-meja</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">2. Menyatakan bermacam-macam contoh sayur-sayuran, buah-buahan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">3. Menyatakan saling contoh berpeluk-pelukan, bersalam-salaman, tikam-menikam</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">4. Menyatakan perbuatan yang dilakukan hanya untuk kesenangan contoh duduk-duduk, makan-makan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">5. Menyatakan menyerupai contoh raket-raketan, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">6. Menyatakan agak contoh kemerah-merahan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">7. Menyatakan melakukan perbuatan yang berulang-ulang contoh melempar-lempar</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">8. Menyatakan kolektif contoh dua-dua</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">9. Menyatakan memiliki sifat contoh keibu-ibuan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">10. Menyatakan sangat contoh cepat-cepat</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">11. Menyatakan tingkat yang paling tinggi contoh sekencang-kencangnya</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Rujukan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Tika Hatikah, dkk. 2007. <i>Membina Kompetensi Berbahasa dan Bersastra Indonesia</i>. Bandung: Grafindo Media Pratama. </span></span><br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-13157736398529612912012-10-09T17:58:00.001+07:002012-10-09T18:04:43.114+07:00Pendekatan dalam kajian sastra.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Sebelum
kita melakukan pendekatan dalam mengkaji karya sastra kita harus mengetahui
terlebih dahulu definisi dari pendekatan sastra itu sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Sekarang
kita cari tahu apa itu pendekatan. Secara etimologis, pendekatan berasal dari kata <i>appropio
atau approach</i>, yang artinya sebagai jalan atau penghampiran. Jadi
pendekatan didefinisikan sebagai cara-cara menghampiri suatu objek. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Sedangkan definisi sastra
menurut konteks kebudayaan adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">ekspresi gagasan dan perasaan manusia. Yang dapat juga diartikan sebagai
bentuk upaya manusia untuk mengungkapkan gagasannya melalui bahasa yang lahir
dari perasaan dan pemikirannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Jadi pendekatan sastra adalah cara-cara yang dilakukan oleh seorang
penelaah untuk mengkaji sebuah karya sastra, agar dapat memahaminya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa diperlukan pendekatan sastra ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">a)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Karena Ragam sastra sangat
banyak dan berkembang secara dinamis. Kondisi-kondisi perkembangan tersebut
memerlukan cara pemahaman yang berbeda-beda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">b)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Kesulitan dalam memahami gejala
sastra memicu para ilmuwan untuk menemukan berbagai cara sebagai pendekatan
yang baru. Dengan kata lain, gejala sastra memunculkan hadirnya sejumlah
masalah yang baru yang menarik dan perlu dipecahkan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Jenis-jenis Pendekatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Pendekatan Ekspresif</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">A</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">dalah
pendekatan dalam kajian sastra yang menitikberatkan kajianya pada ekspresi
perasaan atau tempramen penulis<i> (Abrams,
1981: 189).</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"> Maksudnya pendekatan yang memfokuskan
perhatiannya pada sastrawan sebagai pencipta atau pengarang karya sastra,
ide, gagasan, emosi, pengalaman lahir batin. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Informasi
tentang penulis</span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"> ini
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"> memiliki peranan yang sangat penting
dalam kajian dan apresiasi sastra. Penilaian terhadap karya seni ditekankan
pada keaslian dan kebaruan <i>(Teew, 1984:
163-165).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Abrams<b> </b></span></i><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">menjelaskan:
“Telaah pada teori ekspresif memandang suatu karya seni secara esensial sebagai
dunia internal (pengarang) yang terungkap sehingga menjadi dunia eksternal
(berupa karya seni); perwujudannya melalui proses kreatif, dengan titik tolak
dorongan perasaan pengarang; dan hasilnya adalah kombinasi antara persepsi,
pikiran dan perasaan pengarangnya. Sumber utama dan pokok masalah suatu novel,
misalnya, adalah sifat-sifat dan tindakan-tindakan yang berasal dari pemikiran
pengarangnya”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Disisi lain <i>Rohrberger dan Woods (1971:8)</i> memandang pendekatan ekspresif ini
sebagai pendekatan biografis. “Pendekatan biografis menyarankan pada perlunya
suatu apresiasi terhadap gagasan-gagasan dan kepribadian pengarang untuk
memahami obyek literer. Atas dasar pendekatan ini, karya seni dipandang sebagai
refleksi kepribadian pengarang, yang atas dasar pengalaman estetis pembaca
dapat menangkap kesadaran pengarangnya; dan yang setidak-tidaknya.sebagian
respon pembaca mengarah kepada kepribadian pengarangnya. Dengan pendekatan
ekspresif penelaah hendaknya mempelajari pengetahuan tentang pribadi pengarang
guna memahami karya seninya”. Telaah
dengan pendekatan ekspresif dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana
keberhasilan pengarang dalam mengungkapkan gagasan-gagasan, imajinasi,
spontatanitasnya dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Dengan demikian secara konseptual dan metodologis dapat diketahui bahwa
pendekatan ekspresif menempatkan karya sastra sebagai: (1) wujud ekspresi
pengarang, (2) produk imajinasi pengarang yang bekerja dengan persepsi-persepsi,
pikiran-pikiran dan perasaan-perasaannya, (3) produk pandangan dunia pengarang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Kelemahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">
: cenderung menyamakan secara langsung realitas yang ada dalam karya sastra
dengan realitas yang dialami sastrawan atau pengarang. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">2. </span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Pendekatan Objektif</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";"> (Instrinsik)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Pendekatan objektif merupakan
suatu pendekatan yang hanya menyelidiki karya sastra itu sendiri tanpa
menghubungkan dengan hal-hal di luar karya sastra.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Menurut <i>Goldmann
</i>studi karya sastra harus dimulai dengan analisis struktur, diantaranya
menganalisis struktur kemaknaan yang dapat mewakili pandangan dunia penulis,
tidak sebagai individu, tetapi sebagai struktur mental transindividu dari
sebuah kelompok sosial atau wakil golongan masyarakatnya. Atas dasar pandangan
dunia penulis, peneliti karya sastra dapat membandingkan dengan data-data dan
anlisis keadaan sosisal masyarakat bersangkutan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Abrams dalam bukunya The Mirror and The
Lamp, yaitu “Telaah karya sastra dengan pendekatan obyektif sering dikenal
dengan telaah struktural, yang dimaksudkan untuk mendeskripsikan tema,
peristiwa, tokoh, alur, setting, sudut pandangan, diksi yang terdapat dalam
karya sastra”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Konsep dasar pendekatan ini adalah karya sastra merupakan sebuah
struktur yang terdiri dari bermacam-macam unsur pembentuk struktur. Antara
unsur-unsur pembentuknya ada jalinan erat (koherensi). Tiap unsur tidak
mempunyai makna dengan sendirinya melainkan maknanya ditentukan oleh hubungan
dengan unsur-unsur lain yang terlibat dalam sebuah situasi. Makna unsur-unsur
karya sasatra itu hanya dapat dipahami sepenuhnya atas dasar tempat dan fungsi
unsur itu dalam keseluruhan karya sastra. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Secara metodologis, pendekatan ini bertujuan melihat karya sastra
sebagai sebuah sistem dan nilai yang diberikan kepada sistem itu amat bergantung
kepada nilai komponen-komponen yang ikut terlibat di dalamnya. </span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Kelemahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">: menolak
unsur-unsur ekstrinsik dalam karya sastra </span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">seperti aspek historis, sosiologis, politis, dan unsur-unsur
sosiokultural lainnya, termasuk biografi. Oleh karena itulah, pendekatan
objektif juga disebut analisis otonomi.</span></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">3. Pendekatan Mimetik</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Pendekatan yang berupaya memahami
hubungan karya sastra dengan realitas/kenyataan (berasal dari kata mimesis
(bahasa Yunani) yang berarti tiruan). Realitas: sosial, budaya, politik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Pendekatan mimetik adalah
pendekatan kajian sastra yang menitik beratkan kajianya terhadap hubungan karya
sastra dengan kenyataan di luar karya sastra<i>(Abrams,
1981: 189).</i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Maksudnya
dengan lingkungan sosial-budaya yang melatar belakangi lahirnya karya sastra
itu.<i> </i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Kenyataan manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah kenyataan yang telah
ditafsirkan sebelumnya dan yang dialaminya secara subjektif sebagai dunia yang
bermakna dan kohern. Hubungan antara seni dan kenyataan merupakan interaksi
yang kompleks dan tak langsung, yang ditentukan oleh konvensi bahasa, konvensi
sosio-budaya, dan konvensi sastra. <i>(Teew,
1984: 224-229)</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">“pendekatan ini memandang seni sebagai
tiruan dari aspek-aspek realitas, dari gagasan-gagasan eksternal dan abadi,
dari pola-pola bunyi, pandangan, gerakan, atau bentuk yang muncul secara terus
menerus dan tidak pernah berubah” <i>(Lewis,
1976:46).</i> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Rohrberger dan Woods, 1971:9 memandang
pendekatan mimetik sebagai pendekatan historis-sosiologis. Katanya: “pendekatan
sosiologis-historis menyarankan kepada pendekatan yang menempatkan karya yang
sebenarnya dalam hubungannya dengan peradaban yang menghasilkannya. Peradaban
di sini dapat didefisikan sebagai sikap-sikap dan tindakan-tindakan kelompok
masyarakat tertentu dan memperlihatkan bahwa sastra mewadahi sikap-sikap dan
tindakan-tindakan mereka sebagai persolan pokoknya”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Dalam mengimplementasikan pendekatan di
atas, penelaah pertama memahami suatu karya atas dasar teks tertulis; kedua dia
memandang teks tertulis itu sebagai pengungkapan pengalaman, perasaan,
imajinasi, persepsi, sikap dan sebagainya; dan kedua dia menghubungkannya
dengan realitas yang terjadi di masyarakatnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Dilihat dari sudut pandang penciptaan
atau kepengarangan, dapat dikatakan bahwa karya sastra tidak dapat dilepaskan
dari sang pengarangnya. Dalam kaitan ini, dalam proses kepengarangan, sang
pengarang itu tentu tidak asal mengarang atau menulis karya sastra; dia tentu
terlebih dahulu melakukan observasi dan lalu melakukan komtemplasi (perenungan)
atas peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di masyarakatnya. Melalui proses
observasi dan komtemplasi, dia melakukan imajinasi dakam rangka untuk
menciptakan karya sastra (berkreasi). Melalui proses-proses itu maka terwujudlah
suatu karya sastra. Karena karya sastra banyak berkait dengan
persoalan-persoalan kemanusiaan, maka untuk dapat memahaminya kita perlu
mengkaitkannya dengan bidang-bidang atau disiplin-disiplin sosial/ humaniora
lainnya. Pemahaman dengan cara yang demikian mengacu kepada pemahaman karya sastra
secara interdisipliner.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Melalui penjabaran di atas, dapat diketahui secara konseptual dan
metodologis bahwa pendekatan mimesis menempatkan karya sastra sebagai:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">produk peniruan kenyataan yang diwujudkan secara dinamis,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">representasi kenyataan semesta secara fiksional,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">produk dinamis yang kenyataan di dalamnya tidak dapat dihadirkan dalam
cakupan yang ideal,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">produk imajinasi yang utama dengan kesadaran tertinggi atas kenyataan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Kelemahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">
: sering dilakukan pembandingan langsung antara realitas faktual (riil)
sehingga hakikat karya sastra yang fiktif imajiner sering dilupakan </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">4. </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Pendekatan Pragmatik </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Pendekatan pragmatik adalah
pendekatan kajian sastra yang menitik</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">beratkan kajiannya terhadap peranan pembaca dalam
menerima, memahami, dan menghayati karya sastra. Pembaca memiliki peranan yang
sangat penting dalam menentukan sebuah karya merupakan karya sastra atau bukan.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Pendekatan
pragmatik adalah pendekatan yang memandang karya sastra sebagai sarana untuk
menyampaikan tujuan tertentu kepada pembaca. Dalam hal ini tujuan tersebut
dapat berupa tujuan politik, pendidikan, moral, agama maupun tujuan yang lain.
Dalam praktiknya pendekatan ini cenderung menilai karya sastra menurut
keberhasilannya dalam mencapai tujuan tertentu bagi pembacanya <i>(Pradopo, 1994).</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Pendapat Horatius yang ditulis dalam
bukunya Ars Poetica pada tahun 14 SM menyatakan bahwa tolok ukur sastra ialah
utile ‘bermanfaat’ dan dulce ‘nikmat’. Selain itu, ia pun sekaligus
mengungkapkan pendekatan sastra yang menitikberatkan pada peran pembaca
(pendekatan pragmatik) dalam pendekatan teori Barat, sering dipermasalahkan
urutan utile dan dulce itu, mana yang harus didahulukan, ‘bermanfaat’ dahulu
baru ‘nikmat’ atau justru sebaliknya ‘nikmat’ dulu baru ‘bermanfaat’ – masalah
antara pendekatan moralis (manfaat) dan estetik (nikmat), namun hal ini
barangkali lebih tepat disebut perbedaan dalam tekanan (estetik baru tersendiri
pada zaman romantik di dunia Barat). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Dalam praktiknya, pendekatan ini
mengkaji dan memahami karya sastra berdasarkan fungsinya untuk memberikan
pendidikan (ajaran) moral, agama, maupun fungsi sosial lainnya. Semakin banyak
nilai pendidikan moral dan atau agama yang terdapat dalam karya sastra dan
berguna bagi pembacanya, makin tinggi nilai karya sastra tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Di Indonesia pendekatan ini pernah
dianut oleh Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana (pada masa Pujangga Baru) yang mengatakan
bahwa karya sastra yang baik haruslah yang memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat,
yang kemudian dikenal dengan istilah sastra bertendens (Teeuw 1978). Sejumlah
kasus pelanggaran oleh pemerintah dan aparatnya pada masa Orde Baru terhadap
karya-karya tertentu untuk dibaca dan dipentaskan di depan masyarakat umum,
misalnya beberapa puisi Rendra, Emha Ainun Nadjib, dan drama-drama Riantiarno,
juga menunjukkan praktik kritik pragmatik. Sebab dalam pelarangan tersebut
menunjukan karya sastra dinilai dalam hubungannya dengan dampak dan pengaruhnya
bagi masyarakat. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Penerapan pendekatan pragmatik misalnya
memahami karya sastra dalam hubungannya dengan nilai moral, religius, dan
pendidikan, seperti tampak pada judul-judul berikut. “Ajaran Moral dalam Novel
Sitti Nurbaya”, “Nilai Religiositas dalam puisi-puisi Emha Ainun Nadjib” juga
“Nilai Edukatif dalam Novel Salah Asuhan”. Dari judul-judul tersebut akan
tampak bahwa dalam membahas dan menilai karya sastra kita kaitkan nilai-nilai
pendidikan, etika, dan religius yang terdapat dalam karya sastra yang dapat
berguna sebagai contoh atau teladan bagi pembaca. Perkembangan selanjutnya dari
kritik sastra pragmatik adalah kritik sastra yang menggunakan pendekatan
resepsi sastra dan pada kutipan berikut diuraikan contoh penerapan pendekatan
pragmatik yang dilakukan oleh Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana. “Pada hakikatnya Armijn
ialah seorang romantikus yang suka mengembara dalam jiwanya, melompat, dengan
tiada memperdulikan logika dan kausalitet kejadian...sebenarnyalah yang menarik
hati dalam buku Armijn ini ialah permainan peasaan pengarangnya, yang
memberikan kepada buku ini suatu suasana romantika...ialah romantik gelap
gulita yang berbagai-bagai belenggu yang dimana-mana hendak dikemukakan
pengarangnya. Dan kalau buku Armijn Pane ini diletakkan ditengah-tengah usaha
dan perjuangan sekarang ini untuk kemajuan bangsa, maka hampir dapat kita
memasukkannya dalam lektur defaitistis yang melemahkan semangat, meski betapa
sekalipun gembira bunyi kata pendahuluannya”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Kata pragmatik menjadi sempit maknanya
manakala dikaitkan dengan kata praktis, dan dalam permasalahan sastra, amat
sulit kiranya jika segala sesuatu harus dikaitkan antara praktis dan
pragmatisnya. Akan lain halnya jika kita membaca Supernova karya DEE (Dewi
Lestari). Demikian contoh pendekatan pragmatik dalam kajian sastra, yang secara
sederhana melukiskan penggunaan praktik berbahasa dan praktik bersastra.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";">Kelemahan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Maiandra GD","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">: cenderung menilai
karya sastra menurut keberhasilannya dalam mencapai tujuan tertentu kepada
pembaca</span> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-67216868793253623252012-10-02T19:16:00.000+07:002012-10-02T19:16:47.234+07:00Apa Bahasa Indonesia Itu ????<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgKI3PDQRH_aBqWO-kugNMJOZmyU7JjtxJbPFsArr92EWdWkwk4ODunI42X2O9PZYSUqMJ4eigGZRCSbfdCWVPe2LaRcC9Sz2dLigHkgIOQdC9oLaIl5S14BQyO5bktmWAAEXfxncSioNd/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgKI3PDQRH_aBqWO-kugNMJOZmyU7JjtxJbPFsArr92EWdWkwk4ODunI42X2O9PZYSUqMJ4eigGZRCSbfdCWVPe2LaRcC9Sz2dLigHkgIOQdC9oLaIl5S14BQyO5bktmWAAEXfxncSioNd/s320/images.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Sejak diikrarkannya Sumpah Pemuda, pada tanggal 28 Oktober 1928, bangsa Indonesia mempunyai bahasa persatuan, yaitu bahasa Indonesia. Sebagaimana telah kita ketahui, bangsa Indonesia terdiri atas berbagai suku bangsa yang mempunyai bahasa daerah masing-masing. Dengan ditetapkannya bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa persatuan, seluruh bangsa Indonesia menggunakan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional. Hal ini tercantum pula dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Pasal 36 yang berbunyi "Bahasa Negara adalah bahasa Indonesia". </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Dalam kedudukannya sebagai bahasa nasional, bahasa Indonesia juga berfungsi sebagai (1). Lambang kebanggaan nasional, (2). Lambang identitas nasional, (3). Alat pemersatu berbagai masyarakat yang berbeda-beda latar belakang sosial, budaya, dan bahasanya, dan (4). Alat penghubung antar budaya dan antar daerah.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Selain itu, sebagai bahasa negara, bahasa Indonesia berfungsi sebagai (1). Bahasa <span style="background-color: #cc0000;"></span>kenegaraan, (2). Bahasa pengantar resmi di lembaga-lembaga pendidikan, (3). Bahasa perencanaan dan pelaksanaan pembangunan serta pemerintahan, dan (4). Bahasa resmi di dalam pembangunan kebudayaan dan pemanfaatan ilmu pengetahuan serta teknologi modern. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Jadi walaupun kita, berbeda suku, berbeda agama, ras bahkan dengan berbeda budaya sekalipun, itu semua tidak akan menjadikan penghalang untuk menjalin persaudaraan terhadap sesama rakyat Indonesia. Kita harus bangga dengan perbedaan yang kita miliki. Kenapa? itu membuktikan bahwa bangsa Indonesia adalah bangsa yang Unik, yang berbeda tapi kita dapat bersatu untuk mencapai tujuan bangsa Indonesia.<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc;"></span></span><br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2414305726208346611.post-36865779639073707152012-10-01T23:32:00.003+07:002012-10-01T23:32:20.993+07:00<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Komunikasikan impianmu maka dunia akan mendukungmu...</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Komunikasikan kebaikanmu maka sesama akan mencintaimu...</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Komunikasikan Prestasimu maka seseorang akan mencarimu...</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Komunikasikan do'amu maka Tuhan akan bersamamu..</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">by Moch Hera Muntaha </span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05481908964900714176noreply@blogger.com0